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In 1993, a young IIT post graduate married her college sweetheart, only to find out that he had concealed his schizophrenia from her and was incapable of providing her with a sexually and emotionally fulfilling life.
A year later she filed for divorce, but the trial court turned down her plea. Ten years later, the High Court dismissed her appeal as well, declaring that her husband was not schizophrenic. Finally the Supreme Court came to her rescue this year by ruling that that “indifference, frigidity and abstinence from sexual intercourse” were indeed grounds for divorce.
A divorce taking over twelve years to be finalized in court, is blatant disregard for time and life. “Frigidity” is also a strange term to have used in this context. Firstly, because it’s a word and a concept which belongs to the Victorian age. Secondly, because it was a term coined for women and in this case it was used in the context of a man unable to have sex with his spouse! Thirdly, even medical texts have long since thrown out this term because of its derogatory and sexist implications, replacing it with ‘Sexual Arousal Disorder’ or SAD (which is what you would be too if you suffered from this condition). Unfortunately the law (handed down to us by the British) continues to use terminology, which is outdated, sexist and moralistic. It’s no surprise therefore that something as intrinsic to relationships as sex should have taken so long to be recognized as a critical to a happy marriage.
The SC ruling is likely to be met with mixed responses. There will be those who will applaud it for acknowledging female desire and sexuality as being integral to a satisfying companionship. More applause for acknowledging female desire as independent of men and it will also be appreciated for allowing women release from emotionally and sexually neglectful marriages. The opposition, however is most likely to see it as hastening the collapse of marriages and promoting intolerance between married couples.
Indian courts have increasingly turned liberal with a more realistic view of divorce and tried to underline the need for compatibility and comfort in marital life. The concept of marriage as an eternal (until death do us apart) contract has also shifted significantly with the transformation of social attitudes and the rise of individualism in the last few decades. If the law were to ignore these shifts in perceptions and attitudes, it would only worsen the situation of the already fragile institution called ‘marriage’.
Law must constantly reflect and address the need of the times we live in and strive to bring a more just and equitable notion of relationship and life to us as individuals and societies. The SC ruling does just that. However, law in and of itself is never enough especially in countries like ours, where access to it and awareness of it is extremely limited and social customs and traditions always override legal injunctions. It is unlikely for example, that this ruling will bring about any significant change in the way we view marriage and partnership. Or make men and women more mindful of fulfilling their marital obligations/responsibilities. Or make them suddenly less negligent towards their spouse. Those would be foolish expectations. Just like the ruling will not impact on the numbers of divorces taking place, it will also not impact on the quality of a marriage.
Marriages are not about the ‘sanctity’ of holding onto an agreement made on paper. Frankly, correct me if I’m wrong, but there’s really nothing holy about that. What should be sacrosanct within a marriage is equality, dignity, faith, support, harmony, love and respect. That the law is beginning to recognize that is a good sign.
If one is able to enter into a conjugal agreement of one’s own free will then surely we must also be able to exercise that will when for whatever reason that agreement seems to fail us. For this reason alone, law must always transcend morality, tradition and social stigma focusing instead on expanding its notions of dignity and self-respect to include the myriad complex human needs/emotions that make up life.
Posted By Anusheh Hussain - 5:24 PM Thursday 30 March 2006
Dear Anusheh
A well written and clear piece. Chaitali I am a little confused by your statement. You say that "I agree that using terms such as frigidity, or using moralistic stance to give judgements is not going to help us change the mind-set of people." How would the term frigidity help us change the mindset of people? Was that just a typo?
Hope you don't mind.
Posted by
Dear Shagufta,
Welcome to the blog!
Just re-read my comment. I didn't say "is going to help change peoples' mindset." I said 'is not going to change"
I think there has been a reado (if there is any search word :) ) error. lol
Posted by
That's it Chaitali. I really don't understand that school of thought which proposes that you must remain married no matter what. In my opinion divorce needs to be made much easier for all concerned. If one enters freely into the contract then surely we must all have the freedom to opt out of it with the same ease.
Hi Shagufta.
Posted by
Dear Anusheh
Thanks for this post. Venkat and I have a friend who went through a very looong, messy divorce and one of the things she was dealing with was a husband with a strange mental condition (diagnosed as all kinds of things including schizophrenia) and of course we were the only people who knew about the sexual problems of their marriage. It was made more painful because firstly she was awkward adding that as one of the key reasons for the breakdown (BTW her lawyer kept advising against adding that!!!) and secondly she was always so embarrassed by it. Anyhow finally it came through only because His family agreed to give evidence that he was not o.k.
But you know this is an educated professional (who is now thank God doing brilliantly well In Australia where she moved) and when I think of how difficult it was for her to come out and actually share how crazy her husband was and especially how 'dead' her sexual life was. I really wonder while you rightly say laws must reflect a larger liberal view of the times, how does an individual cope with all the currents of their society and upbringing? There are just so many contradictions in who we are and who we want to be.
Also I guess when I look at changing laws I always wonder since women's lives (even mens) in our country are not uniform, uneducated, poor people have such a different reality how will these laws translate for us all. I think creating more liberal laws for a society which lives in so many time zones must be very complex.
I also want to know, what you quoted is that now a new law?
Thank You for this post Anusheh once again.
Love
Posted by
Hi Radhika
Thanks. It's not a law it's a ruling. But how it works is that it sets a precedent for future rulings, thereby expanding the definition of the law.
I agree, that at the end of the day it's society, upbringing and milieu that decides who we are, what we perceive as our rights and our options. And your story makes that point clearly.
The fact that we live in so many different time zones in this country is indeed a challenge for the legal system. However I do feel that the purpose of law is to push people's awareness to new and heightened levels of being. It must therefore challenge any 'backward' notions that exist and attempt to bring forth ever expansive notions of rights, justice and freedom.
love
Posted by
Dear Anusheh,
An interesting post. I agree with you about the purpose of law to push people's awareness to new and heightened level of being.
Radhika though I'm not very knowledgable about how laws are formed etc. but what I have heard from sources is that a law is formulated on the basis of rulings. Lawyers can take earlier rulings as the base of their arguments. That is why it is very important for those on the judging chair to be sensitive, to be people who are in tune with the changing social and cultural scenario, of the changing gender roles. a judge who is himself/herself caught in web of 'morality' cannot pass unbiased judgements.
I remember reading somewhere how NGOs are working with lawyers, police and judges to gender sensitize them so that they can make rulings that do not discriminate on the grounds of 'traditional' 'moral' values.
Posted by
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Anusheh,
What is the point of holding on to a marriage which does not bring any joy or happiness. And for the judicial system to take 10-12 years to realise this is in itself a mockery of marriage.
I agree that using terms such as frigidity, or using moralistic stance to give judgements is not going to help us change the mind-set of people. So deep rooted are these mind sets that even people in the high orders of the justice system are not being able to let go of them.
The point about Victorian language being used even today in our laws is quite strange. Don't we even have the time to change the language of our laws!